চিকুনগুনিয়া একটি রোগ যা চিকুনগুনিয়া ভাইরাসের মাধ্যমে ছড়িয়ে থাকে। জ্বর ও অস্থিসন্ধিগুলোতে ব্যথা হলো এই রোগের উপসর্গ। এগুলো সাধারণত রোগ ধরা পড়ার দুই থেকে বারো দিনের মধ্যে প্রকাশ পায়। অন্যান্য উপসর্গগুলো হলো মাথাব্যাথা, পেশিব্যথা, অস্থিসন্ধি ফুলে যাওয়া এবং ছোট ছোট লাল ফুসকুড়ি ওঠা। একসপ্তাহের মধ্যেই অধিকাংশ লোক ভালো হয়ে যায় তবে ক্ষেত্র বিশেষ অস্থিসন্ধির ব্যথাটা ১ মাস পর্যন্ত থাকতে পারে। প্রতি ১,০০০ জনে ১ জনের মৃত্যুর ঝুঁকি রয়েছে। মানুষের মধ্যে দুই ধরনের মশার মাধ্যমে এই ভাইরাস ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। এডিস এলবোপিকটাস এবং এডিস এজেপটাই। মশাগুলো সাধারণত দিনের বেলায় কামড়িয়ে থাকে। পাখি ও ইঁদুরজাতীয় কিছু প্রাণি ছাড়া এই ভাইরাস বেশ কিছু প্রাণির মধ্যে ছড়াতে পারে। RNA ভাইরাসের রক্ত পরীক্ষার মাধ্যমে কিংবা শরীরের অ্যান্টিবডিতে ভাইরাসের উপস্থিতি নির্ণয়ের মাধ্যমে এই রোগ নির্ণয় করা যায়। সকল মশার নিয়ন্ত্রণ ও এই ভাইরাস এড়িয়ে চলা হচ্ছে এই রোগ থেকে বাঁচার উত্তম উপায়। পানিতে মশার প্রবেশ নিধনের মাধ্যমে, মশা তাড়ানোর ঔষধ এবং মশারী ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে এর কিছুটা নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা যেতে পারে। ২০১৬ সাল পর্যন্ত এই রোগের কোনো টিকা ও সুনির্দিষ্ট ঔষধ আবিষ্কৃত হয়নি। জ্বর ও অস্থিসন্ধির ব্যথা প্রশমনের জন্য বিশ্রাম, তরল পদার্থ গ্রহণ এবং ঔষধ গ্রহণের সুপারিশ করা হয়।
বাংলাদেশের তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি খাতে অন্যতম প্রতিশ্রুতিশীল ও সুসংগঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান হচ্ছে বাংলাদেশ অ্যাসোসিয়েশন অব সফ্টওয়্যার অ্যান্ড ইনফরমেশন সার্ভিসেস (বেসিস)। দিন দিন আমাদের দেশের ইন্টারনেট ব্যবহারকারী বেড়েই চলেছে। এই ইন্টারনেট সবাই যাতে ইতিবাচক হিসেবে ব্যবহার করে, সে ক্ষেত্রে বেসিস অসামান্য ভূমিকা পালন করতে পারে। সম্প্রতি দেশের মুঠোফোন অপারেটরগুলো ফোরজির লাইসেন্স পেয়েছে। এটা আমাদের দেশের তথ্যপ্রযুক্তির জন্য একটি বড় মাইলফলক হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়েছে। কারণ, ইন্টারনেটের ধীরগতি এটা ব্যবহার করতে অনেক সমস্যার সৃষ্টি করত। দেশের সর্বত্র সবার মধ্যে তথ্যপ্রযুক্তির আলো ছড়িয়ে দিতে একটি সুসংগঠিত সংঘঠন হিসেবে বেসিসকে আরও বলিষ্ঠ ভূমিকা রাখতে হবে।
= Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services is the most promising and well- organized organization in the field of Information Technology in Bangladesh. The number of internet users has been increasing day by day in our country. BASIS can play an un-frivolous role so that people can use this internet positively. Of late, the country's mobile operator companies have got 4G license. It has been considered as a great milestone for the information technology in our country. Because, using slow-speed internet caused many problems. BASIS has to play more vigorous role to spread the light of information technology among all around the country.
It is very important and crucial for overall development of the economy of the country. SME financing has developed a lot for last several years. Loan recovery rate is much more higher compared to the large organization loan which is also large in amount.
These issues have made the SME sector very investment friendly to many financial institutions. As a result, many financial and non financial institutions now actively contributing to this sector to develop themselves as well as to develop the financial condition of the country. So private and government commercial banks can play a vital role in financing small and medium scale industries in Bangladesh. As employment generation in this sector is much more than other sector, banks together with government should come forward with huge investment in this sector.
Almost every bank in Bangladesh has an SME cell and new products and initiatives aimed at SMEs are a common feature in the business page of the newspapers. It would seem that financing these SMES is guaranteed to pave the way for economic development in Bangladesh. Small & Medium enterprise development is a precondition for sustainable economic upliftment of a country like Bangladesh. It plays a dominant role for industrial development & provides employment facilities for work force. In light of its importance, Banks & other financial institution introduces SME finance in trading manufacturing & service industry to serve the entrepreneurs.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Bangladesh contributed 25% of gross domestic product (GDP) and 85% of the industrial jobs and 25 percent of the total labor force of Bangladesh in 2007 even though the prospective sector gets negligible facilitation from different support service providers. According to ADB, the country's estimated 6 million SMEs and micro enterprises firms of less than 100 employees have a significant role in generating growth and jobs. This is a sector that has its own distinct needs and requires specialized focus. Though the employment generation in the agricultural sector has been decreased during last decade, a huge number of unemployed people got employed in this small and medium enterprise. Some commercial banks such as Karmasangsthan Bank, Bangladesh Krishi Bank, Rajshahi Krishi Unnoyon have come up with some loans which are not sufficient to flourish this evolving sector. Some private and government commercial banks have launched their distinctive SME branch to foster this sector. To make this SME loans easy and available, Bangladesh bank formulated some new policies and guidelines. But still now, there are some problems in financing this SME sector.
The reasons that make the formal banks reluctant to lend to micro enterprises are:
a) Lending to small enterprises is perceived as very risky. The uncertainties that face a small industry, the high mortality rate, the susceptibility to market changes and to economic fluctuations, make banks reluctant to deal with these clients. Nonpayment, or even delayed payment, by a few major clients can cause the collapse of a small business. The mortality rate of small businesses is indeed high.
b) Parallel to the reluctance of banks to lend to small enterprises is the reluctance of these enterprises to borrow from banks. The administrative and costly formalities of obtaining bank finance, particularly the time and paper work involved, are a formidable deterrent to smaller businesses.
c) There is a distinct institutional bias on the part of banks towards lending to the larger corporate sector. In many cases there are links in directorships, joint ownerships and various other common financial dealings between banks and the large enterprises and automatically this induces preference for directing finance to these borrowers.
d) The administrative costs of lending to small enterprises are high, which cuts deep into the profitability of such transactions for lending institutions. This is undoubtedly the case and has been borne out in studies.
e) Small enterprises are unable, or unwilling, to present full accounting records and other documentation called for by banks. In most cases such records just do not exist, making appraisal of loan applications difficult.
f) Usually such small borrowers are unable to provide the collateral and security demanded by lending banks and other institutions before approving loans.
To attain the higher growth, there is no alternative to nurture this sector with huge investment. Loans sanctioned in this sector must be at tolerable interest rate. Single digit interest rate policy is very favorable for this sector. Only banks and other financial institutions can help evolve Small and Medium Enterprises.
Human activities are responsible for the water pollution. Using pesticides, D.D.T and chemical fertilizers in the cultivable lands cause the water pollution. These poisonous materials destroy the quality of water ingredients mixing with water.
The protection of human health has become a great problem as water, a very essential element for human and animal being, is being polluted severely day by day. Thus, water borne diseases have been increasing in an alarming rate. So it is a great problem to protect human health from water diseases.
Pesticides are the chemical that are used to kill animals or insects that damage plants or crops. These are also used in the crop fields to increase the production of crops. From this viewing point, pesticides are very useful. On the other hand, pesticides pollute the water and water bodies mixing up with it which is harmful to the ecosystem.
The structure of a motecule determines the bio-durability of a chemical.
Polluted water is treated for safe disposal by using waste water treatment plants based on the several treatment steps known as preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments.